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Chemistry: Unit 01

• Laws of chemical combination (numerical), Dalton's atomic theory, concept of elements, atoms & molecules
• Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculation based on stoichiometry
• Structure of atom: Discovery of electron, proton and neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson's model and its limitations, Rutherford's model and its limitations. Bohr's model & its limitations, concept of shells and subshells
• Structure of atom: Dual nature of matter and light, de-broglie's relationship. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d- orbitals. rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle
• Structure of atom: Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule. electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium: Le-Chatelier's principle equilibrium-ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes
• Degree of ionization, concept of pH
• Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions
• Solubility product, common ion effect (with suitable examples)

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Rate of reaction (average and instantaneous rate of a reaction), factors affecting rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, catalyst, rate law, specific rate constant and order, molecularity of a reaction
• Integrated rate expression of zero and first order reactions and their derivations, half-life period
• Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical derivation)
• Activation energy, Arrhenius equation

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties: Relative lowering of vapor pressure of a solution, Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point
• Depression in freezing point temperature and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
• Abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor and calculations involving it

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Concepts of system, types of systems, surrounding, work, heat; energy intensive and extensive properties, state functions
• First law of thermodynamics, internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, specific heat, molar heat capacity, measurement of E and H, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion; formation, atomization, sublimation
• Phase transition ionization and dilution
• Introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process and equilibrium

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing of chemical equations in redox reactions, applications of redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific conductivity, molar conductivity
• Variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law and its applications Electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and galvanic cells; Lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
• Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table
• Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements: Atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory
• Concept of hybridization involving s, p and d-orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear molecules (Qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding (Werner's theory, VBT and CFT), structural and stereoisomerism
• Coordination compounds: Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative inclusion of analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems

Chemistry: Unit 10

• General introduction to organic chemistry, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond, free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanions
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Types of organic reactions

Chemistry: Unit 11

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of the transition meals, general trends in properties of first row transition metals (metallic character, IE, electrode potential, oxidation state, ionic radii
• Catalytic properties, colored ions, complex formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation)
• Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4 Lanthanides: Electronic configuration, oxidation state, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction and its consequences
• Actinides-electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Classification of Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes: Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties. Chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis
• Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions-addition of hydrogen. Halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect)
• Alkenes: Ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition
• Alkynes: Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: Acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water, aromatic hydrocarbons introduction
• Alkynes: IUPAC nomenclature, benzene resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties, mechanism of electrophilic substitution-nitration, sulphonation, halogenations Friedel Crafts alkylation and acylation
• Alkynes: Directive influence of functional group in mono substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical & chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Stability of carbocations, R-S and d-1 configurations
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogens for mono substituted compounds only), stability of carbocations, R-S and D-L configurations, uses and environmental effects of-dichloromethane, trichloromethane
• Haloarenes: Tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freon, and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary & tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration of alcohols. Uses, some important compounds-methanol and ethanol
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties and uses

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties & mechanism of nucleophilic addition reaction to C=O group, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
• Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties and uses

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary & tertiary amines
• Cyanides and isocyanides: Structures of cyanide and isocyanide groups, nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions
• Diazonium salts: Preparation and chemical reactions (mechanism of diazotization), and importance aesthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose: structure, preparation and chemical reactions, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose), polysaccharides: Starch, cellulose and glycogen; importance
• Proteins: Elementary idea of amino acids-peptide bond, polypeptides and primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins (Qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes, lips & hormones, their classification & functions
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA (purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides and fragments up to four nucleotides)
• Vitamins: Classification and functions, sources and deficiency diseases

Biology: Unit 01

• Biodiversity: Variety of living organisms; need and history of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic classifications
• Biosystematics: Taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; herbarium
• Two kingdom and five kingdom classifications and their merits and demerits; general characters and classification of monera, protista and fungi; lichens; status of viruses, and viroids

Biology: Unit 02

• Classification of plants into major groups; general characters of algae, bryophyta, pteridophyta and gymnosperms and their classes
• Morphology of flowering plants and their function: Morphology of root, stem and leaf (without their modifications); morphology of inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. Description of family Solanaceae

Biology: Unit 03

• Tissue systems in plants-epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems; anatomy and functions of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaves

Biology: Unit 04

• Respiration: Cellular respiration; glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport system (along with ATP energetics); chemiosmotic hypothesis; aerobic and anaerobic respirations; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient
• Photosynthesis: Historical background; site of photosynthesis; photosynthetic pigments; mechanism of photosynthesis-light dependent phase (light reaction), photosystems; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylations
• Photosynthesis: Light independent (biosynthetic) phase-Calvin (C3) cycle and Hatch & Slack (C4) cycle; factors affecting photosynthesis; photorespiration
• Plant growth and development: Characteristics of plant growth; phases of growth, growth rate, growth curve; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell
• Plant growth and development: Plant growth regulators; discovery and physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid

Biology: Unit 05

• Animal kingdom; general characters and classification of animals (non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to the level of class)
• National parks with special reference to Dachigam, Kishtwar, Salim Ali, Kazinag and Hemis
• Concept of sanctuaries and biosphere reserves

Biology: Unit 06

• Morphology, anatomy and functions of digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems of frog
• Basic chemical constituents of living bodies; biomolecules: Structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and Nucleic acids; primary and secondary metabolites
• Enzymes: Types, properties and functions

Biology: Unit 07

• Cell: Brief description of cell; cell theory; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, cell wall, membrane and cell organelles (plastids, mitochondria, E.R., golgi, ribosomes, lysosomes, nucleus, vacuoles, centrioles and cytoskeleton); cilia and flagella
• Cell: Nuclear organisation
• Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis

Biology: Unit 08

• Breathing and respiration: Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans; respiratory volume; exchange of gases and their transport; respiratory disorders
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood; blood groups and Rh factor; lymph; human circulatory system; cardiac cycle and ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion; human excretory system; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function; urinary disorders; and artificial kidney
• Locomotion and movement: Types of movement; muscle, contractile proteins and muscle contraction (mechanism); skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal systems
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; nervous system in humans; nerve impulse
• Chemical coordination and integration: Human endocrine system; hormones of heart, kidney and G.I. tract; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea); Hormonal disorders (note: diseases of human physiology systems to be taught in brief)

Biology: Unit 09

• Sexual reproduction: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interactions; double fertilization; post fertilization events-development of endosperm
• Sexual reproduction: Embryo; development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed and fruit formation

Biology: Unit 10

• Heredity and variation Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism: Incomplete dominance; codominance; multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups; pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory of inheritance
• Chromosomes and genes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; protein biosynthesis: Transcription, genetic code, translation
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Gene expression and regulation-lac operon

Biology: Unit 11

• Tissue culture: Cellular totipotency, technique and application of tissue culture.
• Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation (biogas) and microbes as biocontrol agents, Biopesticides and Bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use
• Application of biotechnology in agriculture: Genetically modified organisms-BT crops; biopiracy and patents

Biology: Unit 12

• Populations: Population attributes and population growth; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; ecological pyramids: Pyramids of number, biomass and energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Biodiversity-concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data book; biosphere reserves, national parks
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Wildlife sanctuaries and ramsar sites

Biology: Unit 13

• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle). Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation. Elementary idea of parturition and lactation
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Biology: Unit 14

• Sex determination: In humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over. Sex linked inheritance: Haemophilia and colour blindness. Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans: Down's syndrome
• Sex determination: Chromosomal disorders in humans-Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome, genome and Human genome project; DNA fingerprinting
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution; Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution-variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples
• Evolution: Types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution

Biology: Unit 15

• Health and disease: Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Hepatitis, malaria, dengue, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control; cancer, HIV and AIDS
• Health and disease: Adolescence-drug and alcohol abuse

Biology: Unit 16

• Biotechnology: Principles and processes; genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• Application of biotechnology in health: Human insulin and vaccine production stem cell technology, gene therapy. Transgenic animals
• Biosafety issues