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57 Questions around this concept.
Considering the Ellingham diagram, which of the following metals can be used to reduce alumina?
The Maximum Temperature that can be achieved in a blast furnace is :
Which of the following elements is present as the impurity to the maximum extent in the pig iron?
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In the context of the Hall - Heroult process for the extraction , which of the following statements is false ?
Aluminium is extracted from alumina
Hall-Heroult's process is given by :
Heating mixture of
Assertion: Reverberatory furnace is used for the smelting of copper ores.
Reasoning: In a reverberatory furnace, the heat is supplied by the combustion of fuel in a separate chamber, and the copper ore is placed on a flat hearth where it is heated and melted.
Smelting of aluminium ore (bauxite) involves the extraction of aluminium through the process of:
Smelting is a high-temperature process that requires a furnace capable of reaching temperatures of:
Ellingham diagram normally consists of plots of ∆fGV vs T for the formation of oxides of common metals and reducing agents i.e., for the reaction given below.
In this reaction, gas is consumed in the formation of oxide hence, molecular randomness decreases in the formation of oxide which leads to a negative value of ∆S as a result sign of T∆S term becomes positive. Subsequently, ∆fGo shifts towards higher side despite rising T. The result is a positive slope in the curve for most of the reactions for the formation of MxO(s).
Each plot is a straight line and slopes upwards except when some change in phase (s→1 or 1→g) takes place. The temperature at which such change occurs is indicated by an increase in the slope on the positive side (e.g., in the Zn, ZnO plot, the melting is indicated by an abrupt change in the curve).
When the temperature is raised, a point is reached in the curve where it crosses ∆rGo=0 line. Below this temperature, ∆rGo for the formation of oxide is negative so MxO is stable. Above this point, free energy of formation of oxide is positive. The oxide, MxO will decompose on its own.
Similar diagrams are constructed for sulfides and halides also. From them it becomes clear that why reduction of MxS is difficult.
Limitations of Ellingham Diagram
Reduction of oxides of less electropositive metals like Pb, Fe, Zn, Sn and Cu is carried out by heating them with coal or coke in a blast furnace in presence of limited air at a temperature range nearly 200oC - 1500oC.
For example:
In case of tin, the concentrated cassiterite ore is mixed with 1/5th of its weight of powdered anthracite(carbon) and some limestone for hearing in a reverberatory furnace ar 1473-1573K. Here the ore gets reduced to metallic tin and the impurity of silica can be removed as calcium silicate (slag).
NOTE: Tin obtained from here is 99.5% pure and known as black tin. Here, use of an excess of lime is avoided otherwise calcium stannate will also be formed.
Some meral oxides which are not reduced by carbon, like chromium trioxide (Cr2O3), titanium chloride (TiCl4), manganese oxide Mn3O4 are reduced by using highly electropositive merals like Na, K, Al, Mg etc. It is also called electrometallurgy.
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