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12 Questions around this concept.
The reaction of toluene with Cl2 in presence of FeCl3 gives 'X' and reaction in presence of light gives 'Y'. Thus, 'X' and 'Y' are:
Fluorobenzene can be synthesised in the laboratory
The reaction of with HBr produces:
The ortho and para isomers can be easily separated due to large difference in their melting points. Reactions with iodine are reversible in nature and require the presence of an oxidising agent (HNO3, HIO4) to oxidise the HI formed during iodination. Fluoro compounds are not prepared by this method due to high reactivity of fluorine.
From amines by Sandmeyer’s reaction
When a primary aromatic amine, dissolved or suspended in cold aqueous mineral acid, is treated with sodium nitrite, a diazonium salt is formed. Mixing the solution of freshly prepared diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide results in the replacement of the diazonium group by –Cl or –Br.
The accepted mechanism for nucleophilic aromatic substitution in nitro-substituted aryl halides is given as follows.
Mechanism
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