Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water and ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by metabolic activities or by other means like excess ingestion.
These substances have to be removed totally or partially
Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals.
The kidneys of animals have evolved to function in both excretion and the removal or conservation of water and salts.
Osmoconformers: Animals whose internal osmolarity changes in relation to their external environment.
Osmoregulators: Animals who can maintain their internal osmolarity at a particular level regardless of the external environment.