How to Balance NCERT Board Exams & NEET Biology – Ultimate Study Plan for 2026

Chapter

Topic

NCERT

NEET

The Living World

What is Living

✅

✅

Biodiversity and Need for Classification

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Taxonomy and Systematics

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Binomial Nomenclature

✅

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Taxon and Taxonomic Hierarchy (Taxonomic categories)

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Biological Classification

Classification Systems

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Three domains of life

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✅

Characteristics of the kingdom Monera

✅

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Archaebacteria

✅

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Eubacteria

✅

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Cell Envelope

✅

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Cytoplasm and Its Components

✅

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Cyanobacteria

✅

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Mycoplasma

✅

✅

Characteristics of Kingdom Protista

✅

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Photosynthetic Protista

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Decomposer Protista- Slime Moulds

✅

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Protozoa

✅

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Characteristics of Fungi

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Phycomycetes (Algal fungi)

✅

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Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)

✅

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Basidiomycetes (Club fungi)

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Deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)

✅

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Lichen and Mycorrhiza

✅

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Viruses, Viroids and Prions

✅

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Plant Kingdom

Introduction to Kingdom Plantae

✅

✅

Algae and their characteristics

✅

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Chlorophyceae/ Green Algae

✅

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Phaeophyceae

✅

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Rhodophyceae

✅

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Bryophyta

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Classification of Bryophytes

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Pteridophyta

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Classification of Pteridophytes

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Gymnosperms

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Reproduction in gymnosperms

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✅

Characteristics of Angiosperms

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Animal Kingdom

Defining Features and Basis of Classification of Animal Kingdom

✅

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Levels of Organization

✅

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Body Symmetry and Germ Layers

✅

✅

Coelom

✅

✅

Segmentation and Notochord

✅

✅

Phylum Porifera and Morphological Features of Porifera

✅

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Body Wall of Porifera

✅

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Physiology of Porifera

✅

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Phylum Cnidaria / Coelenterata and Body Wall and Gastrovascular Cavity of Cnidaria

✅

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Cnidocytes / Cnidoblast

✅

✅

Physiology of Cnidaria

✅

✅

Reproduction, Development and Metagenesis in Cnidaria

✅

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Phylum Ctenophora, Locomotion and Bioluminescence in Ctenophora

✅

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Reproduction and Development in Ctenophora

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

✅

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Body Organization in Platyhelminthes

✅

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Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes

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Parasitic Adaptations in Platyhelminthes

✅

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Phylum Aschelminthes and Body Plan of Aschelminthes

✅

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Physiology of Aschelminthes

✅

✅

Reproduction and Development in Aschelminthes.

✅

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Ascaris lumbricoides - Morphology and Life-Cycle

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Phylum Annelida and Body Plan of Annelida

✅

✅

Physiology and Reproduction in Annelids

✅

✅

Diagrammatic representation of basic anatomy of Annelida

✅

✅

Phylum Arthropoda and Body Plan of Arthropoda

✅

✅

Physiology of Arthropoda

✅

✅

Circulatory system, Nervous System and Sense Organs in Arthropods

✅

✅

Reproduction and Development in Arthropods

✅

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Economically Important Arthropods

✅

✅

Phylum Mollusca and Body Plan of Mollusca

✅

✅

Physiology and Reproduction in Mollusca

✅

✅

Phylum Echinodermata, Body Plan and Water Vascular System of Echinoderms

✅

✅

Physiology and Reproduction in Echinodermata

✅

✅

Phylum Hemichordata - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Phylum Chordata

✅

✅

Difference between Non-chordates and Chordates

✅

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Sub Phylum Urochordata - Characteristics Features

✅

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Subphylum Cephalochordata - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Subphylum Vertebrata - Characteristics Features

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Class Cyclostomata - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Class Chondrichthyes - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Class Osteichthyes - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Class Amphibia - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Class Reptilia - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Class Aves - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Class Mammalia - Characteristics Features

✅

✅

Classification of Class Mammalia

✅

✅

Morphology of Flowering Plants

Introduction to the Morphology of Flowering Plants

✅

✅

Introduction to the Morphology of Flowering Plants

✅

✅

The Root System: Regions and Functions

✅

✅

Modification of Root - Tap root modification for storage

✅

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Modification of Root - Tap root modification for respiration

✅

✅

Modification of Root - Adventitious root modification for storage

✅

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Modification of Root - Adventitious root modification for support

✅

✅

Modification of Root - Adventitious root modification for additional functions

✅

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The Stem and Its Functions

✅

✅

Buds

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The Leaf and Its Parts

✅

✅

More about Lamina

✅

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Venation

✅

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Types of Leaves

✅

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Types of Compound Leaves - Pinnately Compound Leaves

✅

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Types of Compound Leaves - Palmately Compound Leaves

✅

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The Root System and Its Types

✅

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Phyllotaxy

✅

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Modification of Leaves

✅

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The Inflorescence

✅

✅

The Types of Inflorescences

✅

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Racemose Inflorescence and Its Types - Category A

✅

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Racemose Inflorescence and Its Types - Category B and C

✅

✅

Cymose Inflorescence and Its Types

✅

✅

The Flower

✅

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Floral Symmetry, Number of Floral Appendages and Position of Ovary in a Flower

✅

✅

Parts of a Flower - Aestivation

✅

✅

Parts of a Flower - Androecium

✅

✅

Parts of a Flower - Gynoecium

✅

✅

Placentation

✅

✅

The Fruit

✅

✅

The Seed

✅

✅

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Introduction to the Plant Anatomy

✅

✅

Meristematic Tissues or Meristems

✅

✅

Classification of Meristematic Tissues

✅

✅

Permanent Tissues

✅

✅

Simple Permanent Tissues: Parenchyma

✅

✅

Simple Permanent Tissues: Collenchyma

✅

✅

Simple Permanent Tissues: Sclerenchyma Fibres

✅

✅

Simple Permanent Tissues: Sclerenchyma Sclereids

✅

✅

Complex Permanent Tissues - Xylem

✅

✅

Elements of Xylem - Tracheids and Vessels

✅

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Elements of Xylem - Xylem Fibres and Xylem Parenchyma

✅

✅

Phloem

✅

✅

Components of Phloem - Sieve tubes and Companion Cells

✅

✅

Components of Phloem - Phloem Fibres and Phloem Parenchyma

✅

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Tissue System

✅

✅

Epidermal Tissue System

✅

✅

Epidermal Tissue System - Special Epidermal Structures

✅

✅

Ground Tissue System

✅

✅

Vascular Tissue System

✅

✅

Comparison between vascular bundles of Monocots and Dicots

✅

✅

Anatomy of Leaf

✅

✅

Muscular tissues

✅

✅

SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Dicot Stem Showing Primary Growth

✅

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SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Monocot Stem Showing Primary Growth

✅

✅

SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Dicot Root Showing Primary Growth

✅

✅

SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Monocot Root Showing Primary Growth

✅

✅

Secondary Growth

✅

✅

Secondary Growth in Intrastelar Region of Dicot Stem

✅

✅

Secondary Growth in Dicot Roots

✅

✅

Structural Organisation in Animals

Connective Tissues

✅

✅

Areolar Connective Tissues

✅

✅

Adipose Connective Tissue

✅

✅

Dense Regular Connective Tissue and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

✅

✅

Structure of Nerve

✅

✅

Morphology of Frog

✅

✅

Digestive System of Frog

✅

✅

Respiratory System in Frogs

✅

✅

Reproduction and Development in Frog

✅

✅

Circulatory System in Frogs

✅

✅

Sense Organs in Frog

✅

✅

Excretory System in Frog

✅

✅

Control and Coordination in Frog

✅

✅

Cell: The Unit of Life

Cell: Introduction, Discovery, Size and Cell Theory

✅

✅

Introduction to Cell Structure and Function

✅

✅

Cellularity and Types of Cell

✅

✅

Structure of Prokaryotic Cell

✅

✅

Origin and Structure of Eukaryotic Cell

✅

✅

The Cell Wall

✅

✅

The Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane/Plasmalemma

✅

✅

The Cytoplasm

✅

✅

The Nucleus

✅

✅

Ribosomes

✅

✅

Ribosomes

✅

✅

Semi-autonomous Organelles: Mitochondria (Sing. Mitochondrion)

✅

✅

Plastids

✅

✅

Semi-autonomous Organelles: Chloroplast

✅

✅

Components of the Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

✅

✅

Components of the Endomembrane System: The Golgi Apparatus

✅

✅

Components of the Endomembrane System: Lysosomes and Vacuoles

✅

✅

Working of the Endomembrane System

✅

✅

Microbodies

✅

✅

The Cytoskeleton

✅

✅

Flagella and Cilia

✅

✅

Centrosome and Centrioles

✅

✅

Comparison of Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant and Animal Cell)

✅

✅

Endomembrane System

✅

✅

Biomolecules

Definition of Biomolecules

✅

✅

Analysis of Chemical Composition in Living Tissues

✅

✅

Carbohydrates

✅

✅

Monosaccharides

✅

✅

Ring Structure of Monosaccharides

✅

✅

Polysaccharides

✅

✅

Lipids and Fatty Acids

✅

✅

Types of Lipids - Simple Lipids

✅

✅

Types of Lipids - Compound Lipids and Derived Lipids

✅

✅

Amino Acids

✅

✅

Peptide Bond, Peptide Chain and Proteins

✅

✅

Structure of Proteins - Primary Structure

✅

✅

Structure of Proteins - Secondary Structure

✅

✅

Structure of Proteins - Tertiary & Quaternary Structure

✅

✅

Nucleotides

✅

✅

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

✅

✅

Enzymes and Their Classification

✅

✅

How Enzymes Work - Active Sites and Models

✅

✅

Enzyme Inhibition

✅

✅

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

✅

✅

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell Cycle: Introduction

✅

✅

Cell Cycle: Interphase

✅

✅

Cell Cycle: Division Phase or M-Phase (Mitotic or Meiotic Phase)

✅

✅

Mitosis

✅

✅

Different Stages of Mitosis

✅

✅

Significance and Types of Mitosis

✅

✅

Introduction to Meiosis

✅

✅

Stages of Meiosis Ⅰ - Prophase I

✅

✅

Stages of Meiosis Ⅰ - Metaphase I and Anaphase I

✅

✅

Stages of Meiosis Ⅰ - Telophase I, Cytokinesis I and Interkinesis

✅

✅

Stages of Meiosis ⅠⅠ and Significance of Meiosis

✅

✅

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Introduction to Photosynthesis

✅

✅

Basics of Photosynthesis

✅

✅

Photosynthetic Pigments: Chlorophyll

✅

✅

Types of Chlorophyll

✅

✅

Photosynthetic Pigments: Carotenoids and Phycobilins

✅

✅

Absorption spectrum

✅

✅

Introduction to the Reactions of Photosynthesis

✅

✅

Light-Harvesting Complex and Photosystems

✅

✅

Light Reaction: Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

✅

✅

Light Reaction: Cyclic Photophosphorylation

✅

✅

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: Proton Gradient

✅

✅

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: Use of Proton Gradient

✅

✅

Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis and RuBP

✅

✅

Dark Reaction: Calvin Cycle

✅

✅

Steps of Calvin Cycle

✅

✅

The C4 Plants

✅

✅

The C4 Pathway

✅

✅

CAM Pathway

✅

✅

Comparison of the Photosynthetic Pathways: C3, C4 and CAM

✅

✅

Introduction to Photorespiration

✅

✅

Process of Photorespiration

✅

✅

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

✅

✅

Respiration in Plants

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

✅

✅

Respiratory System in Plants

✅

✅

Scheme of Cellular Respiration

✅

✅

Glycolysis

✅

✅

Glycolysis: Energy Requiring Step

✅

✅

Glycolysis: Energy Releasing Step

✅

✅

Net Outcome of Glycolysis

✅

✅

Metabolic Fate of Pyruvate

✅

✅

Lactic Acid Fermentation

✅

✅

Alcohol Fermentation

✅

✅

Link Reaction or Gateway Reaction

✅

✅

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

✅

✅

Steps of Krebs Cycle

✅

✅

Balance Sheet and Significance of Kreb's Cycle

✅

✅

Introduction to ETC

✅

✅

Electron Transport Chain in Function

✅

✅

Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

✅

✅

The Respiratory Balance Sheet

✅

✅

Amphibolic Pathway

✅

✅

Respiratory Quotient

✅

✅

Plant Growth and Development

Introduction to Growth and Development in Plants

✅

✅

Characteristics of Growth and Phases of Plant Growth

✅

✅

Growth Rate, Arithmetic Growth and Geometric Growth

✅

✅

Absolute Growth Rate and Relative Growth Rate

✅

✅

Conditions for Growth: External Factors

✅

✅

Conditions for Growth: Internal Factors

✅

✅

Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation

✅

✅

Development

✅

✅

Plant Growth Regulators or Phytohormones

✅

✅

Auxins and Their Discovery

✅

✅

Synthesis of Auxin

✅

✅

Functions of Auxins

✅

✅

Gibberellins and Their Discovery

✅

✅

Functions of Gibberellins

✅

✅

Cytokinins and their Discovery

✅

✅

Functions of Cytokinins

✅

✅

Ethylene and Its Discovery

✅

✅

Functions of Ethylene

✅

✅

Abscisic Acid and Its Discovery

✅

✅

Functions of Abscisic Acid

✅

✅

Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Breathing and Cellular Respiration

✅

✅

Respiratory Organs in Different Organisms

✅

✅

Respiratory System in Humans

✅

✅

Overview of the Process of Respiration

✅

✅

Mechanism of Breathing: Inspiration

✅

✅

Mechanism of Breathing: Expiration

✅

✅

Respiratory Volumes

✅

✅

Pulmonary Capacities

✅

✅

Exchange of Gases

✅

✅

Oxygen Transport and Oxygen Dissociation Curve

✅

✅

Effect of DPG and Temperature on Oxygen Dissociation Curve

✅

✅

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

✅

✅

Release of Oxygen from Oxyhaemoglobin at the Tissue Level

✅

✅

Release of Carbon dioxide in the Lungs

✅

✅

Regulation of Respiration

✅

✅

Disorders of the Respiratory System

✅

✅

Body Fluids and Circulation

Body fluids

✅

✅

Blood

✅

✅

Blood groups: ABO Blood Groups

✅

✅

Rh Blood group

✅

✅

Blood Coagulation

✅

✅

Circulatory System & Its Types

✅

✅

Circulation Circuit - I

✅

✅

Circulation Circuit - II

✅

✅

Circulation Circuit - III

✅

✅

Introduction to Human Heart

✅

✅

Internal Structure of Human Heart: Atria

✅

✅

Internal Structure of Human Heart: Ventricles

✅

✅

Heart Valves

✅

✅

Blood Vessels

✅

✅

Functioning of Human Heart

✅

✅

Conducting System of Heart

✅

✅

Cardiac cycle

✅

✅

Heart Sounds

✅

✅

Heart rate and Cardiac Output

✅

✅

Heartbeat & Its Regulation

✅

✅

ECG

✅

✅

Double Circulation In Humans

✅

✅

Coronary Circulation

✅

✅

Blood Pressure & Regulation of Cardiac Activity

✅

✅

Blood vessels and their system

✅

✅

Differences between arteries and veins

✅

✅

Human lymphatic system

✅

✅

Abnormal conditions related to circulatory system

✅

✅

Excretory Products and their Elimination

Utility of the Excretory System

✅

✅

Types of Animals Based on Excretory Wastes

✅

✅

Other Excretory Products

✅

✅

Excretory Structures in Animals

✅

✅

Human Excretory System: Kidneys and Their Exterior Aspects

✅

✅

Human Excretory System: Anatomy of Kidneys

✅

✅

Ureters

✅

✅

Urinary Bladder

✅

✅

Urethra

✅

✅

Nephrons : Renal Corpuscle and Filtration Membrane, Arterioles and Vasa Recta

✅

✅

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct

✅

✅

Types of Nephrons

✅

✅

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

✅

✅

Net Filtration Pressure

✅

✅

Glomerular Filtration Rate and Filtration Fraction

✅

✅

Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration or Ultrafiltration

✅

✅

Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption in PCT

✅

✅

Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption in Loop of Henle

✅

✅

Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption in DCT and Collecting Duct

✅

✅

Urine Formation: Tubular Secretion

✅

✅

Revision Concept: Functions of Renal Tubules

✅

✅

Mechanism of Concentration of Urine

✅

✅

Regulation of Kidney Function

✅

✅

Properties of Urine

✅

✅

Functions of Kidney

✅

✅

Disorders of the Excretory System

✅

✅

Artificial Kidney

✅

✅

Locomotion and Movement

Movement V/s Locomotion

✅

✅

Types of Movement

✅

✅

Muscles and Their Types

✅

✅

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

✅

✅

Sarcomere

✅

✅

Structure of Contractile Proteins

✅

✅

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

✅

✅

Human Skeletal System

✅

✅

The Skull: Cranial Bones

✅

✅

The Skull: Facial Bones, Ear ossicles and Hyoid bone

✅

✅

Vertebral Column (Backbone)

✅

✅

Sternum or Breastbone:

✅

✅

Ribs and Rib Cage

✅

✅

Pectoral Girdles

✅

✅

The Upper Limb

✅

✅

The Pelvic Girdle

✅

✅

The Lower Limb

✅

✅

Joints

✅

✅

Types of Synovial Joints

✅

✅

Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

✅

✅

Neural Control and Coordination

Human Neural System

✅

✅

A Revision of Neuron

✅

✅

Terminology

✅

✅

Introduction to Nerve Impulse

✅

✅

Generation & Conduction of Nerve Impulse

✅

✅

Synapse

✅

✅

Transmission of Impulse: At Chemical Synapse

✅

✅

Transmission of Impulse: At Electrical Synapse

✅

✅

Human Brain: Location & Coverings

✅

✅

Forebrain: Cerebrum

✅

✅

Lobes of Cerebrum

✅

✅

Midbrain or Mesencephalon

✅

✅

Hindbrain or Rhombencephalon

✅

✅

Autonomic Nervous System

✅

✅

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous System

✅

✅

Reflex Action & Reflex Arc

✅

✅

Receptors

✅

✅

Chemical Control and Coordination

Need for Endocrine System

✅

✅

Hormones: Discovery & Properties

✅

✅

The Hypothalamus

✅

✅

The Pituitary Gland and Its Anterior Lobe

✅

✅

The Posterior Lobe or Neurohypophysis

✅

✅

Disorders of Pituitary Gland

✅

✅

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis)

✅

✅

Forebrain: Olfactory Lobes & Diencephalon

✅

✅

Thymus Gland

✅

✅

Thyroid Gland

✅

✅

Thyroid Disorders

✅

✅

Parathyroid Gland & Its Disorders

✅

✅

Adrenal Glands or Suprarenal Glands: Adrenal Cortex

✅

✅

Adrenal Glands or Suprarenal Glands: Adrenal Medulla

✅

✅

Disorders of Adrenal Cortex

✅

✅

Pancreas

✅

✅

Disorders of Pancreas

✅

✅

Kidneys

✅

✅

Gonads: Ovaries

✅

✅

Gonads: Testes

✅

✅

Hormones of Placenta, Heart and GI Tract

✅

✅

Mechanism of Hormone Action

✅

✅

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Introduction to Reproduction and Lifespan

✅

✅

Sexual Reproduction & Its Characteristics

✅

✅

Syngamy

✅

✅

Phases in Life Cycle

✅

✅

Pre-Fertilization Events: Gametogenesis

✅

✅

Pre-Fertilization Events: Gamete Transfer

✅

✅

Fertilization

✅

✅

Post-Fertilisation Events

✅

✅

Revision of Flower- The Reproductive structure of the Angiosperms

✅

✅

Stamen

✅

✅

Structure of Anther

✅

✅

Microsporogenesis & Dehiscence of Anther

✅

✅

Structure of Pollen Grain

✅

✅

Development of Male Gametophyte

✅

✅

The Pistil & Megasporangium

✅

✅

Megasporogenesis, Megagametogenesis & Structure of Embryo Sac

✅

✅

REVISION

✅

✅

Pollination and Its Types

✅

✅

Agents of Pollination: Abiotic Agents

✅

✅

Insect Pollination

✅

✅

Ornithophily & Chiropterophily

✅

✅

Outbreeding Devices

✅

✅

Self Incompatibility

✅

✅

Fertilization & Mode of Entry of Pollen Tube in Ovule

✅

✅

Double Fertilization

✅

✅

Artificial Hybridization: Emasculation & Bagging

✅

✅

Post-Fertilization Events

✅

✅

Endosperm Development

✅

✅

Embryogeny in Dicots

✅

✅

Structure of Dicot Embryo

✅

✅

Embryogeny and Structure of Embryo in Monocots

✅

✅

Seed and Fruit

✅

✅

Parthenocarpy

✅

✅

Apomixis & Polyembryony

✅

✅

Human Reproduction

Primary and Secondary Sex Organs

✅

✅

The Male Reproductive System: Scrotum & Testes

✅

✅

Male Sex Accessory Ducts

✅

✅

Male Urethra & External Genitalia

✅

✅

Accessory Sex Glands of Males

✅

✅

Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System

✅

✅

Spermatogenesis

✅

✅

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis

✅

✅

Structure of Sperm

✅

✅

Female Reproductive System: Ovaries

✅

✅

Fallopian Tube or Oviduct

✅

✅

Uterus & Vagina

✅

✅

External Genitalia of Females or Vulva

✅

✅

Mammary Gland or Breast

✅

✅

Oogenesis

✅

✅

Structure of Ovum

✅

✅

Menstrual Cycle

✅

✅

Fertilization

✅

✅

Events of Fertilization

✅

✅

Embryonic Development: Cleavage & Formation of Blastocyst

✅

✅

Implantation

✅

✅

Gastrulation

✅

✅

Extraembryonic Layers

✅

✅

Placentation

✅

✅

Types of Mammalian Placenta

✅

✅

Parturition

✅

✅

Lactation

✅

✅

Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health: Problems & Strategies

✅

✅

Amniocentesis

✅

✅

Population Stabilization & Birth Control

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Natural Methods

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Barrier Methods

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Chemical Methods & IUDs

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Oral Contraceptive Pills

✅

✅

Termination or Permanent Methods of Birth Control

✅

✅

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

✅

✅

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

✅

✅

STDs Caused by Bacteria

✅

✅

STDs caused by Viruses

✅

✅

STDs caused by Chlamydia, Fungus & Protozoa

✅

✅

Infertility

✅

✅

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): IVF

✅

✅

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) & Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

✅

✅

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) & Intrauterine Insemination

✅

✅

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Introduction to Genetics

✅

✅

Terminology of Genetics

✅

✅

Monohybrid Cross of Mendel

✅

✅

Interpretation of Monohybrid Cross: Law of Dominance

✅

✅

Interpretation of Monohybrid Cross: Law of Segregation

✅

✅

Test Cross

✅

✅

Dihybrid Cross

✅

✅

Law of Independent Assortment

✅

✅

Mathematical Calculation of Mendelian Analysis

✅

✅

Incomplete Dominance

✅

✅

Codominance

✅

✅

Multiple Alleles

✅

✅

Pleiotropy

✅

✅

Polygenic Inheritance

✅

✅

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance & T.H. Morgan

✅

✅

Linkage: Discovery & Meaning

✅

✅

Linkage Groups & Types of Linkage

✅

✅

Experiments of T.H Morgan

✅

✅

Gregor Johann Mendel- Father of Genetics

✅

✅

Sex Determination

✅

✅

Sex Determination: XX Female & XY Male Type

✅

✅

Sex Determination: XX Female & XO Male Type

✅

✅

Sex Determination: ZW Female & ZZ Males Type

✅

✅

Sex Determination: Z0 Female & ZZ Males Type

✅

✅

Haploid-diploid mechanism of sex determination

✅

✅

Mutations & Their Features

✅

✅

Mutagenesis & Mutagens

✅

✅

Types of Mutations

✅

✅

Chromosomal Mutations: Structural

✅

✅

Chromosomal Number Mutations

✅

✅

Pedigree Analysis

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of autosomal recessive disorder

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of autosomal dominant disorder:

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of X-linked recessive disorder:

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of X-linked dominant disorder

✅

✅

Human Genetic Disorders

✅

✅

Haemophilia

✅

✅

Colour Blindness

✅

✅

Sickle-cell Anaemia

✅

✅

Phenylketonuria

✅

✅

Chromosomal Disorders

✅

✅

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Introduction

✅

✅

Structure of DNA

✅

✅

Salient Features of Double-Helix Structure of DNA

✅

✅

Types of DNA

✅

✅

Packaging of DNA Helix in Eukaryotes

✅

✅

Chargaff Rule

✅

✅

The Search For Genetic Material: Transforming Principle

✅

✅

Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle

✅

✅

Hershey & Chase Experiment

✅

✅

Properties of Genetic Material

✅

✅

RNA World

✅

✅

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

✅

✅

Introduction to Replication of DNA

✅

✅

Meselson and Stahl Experiment

✅

✅

Enzymes Involved In DNA Replication

✅

✅

DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

✅

✅

DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

✅

✅

Introduction to Transcription & Transcription Unit

✅

✅

Types of RNA

✅

✅

RNA Polymerase in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

✅

✅

Process of Transcription in Prokaryotes

✅

✅

Transcription in Eukaryotes & RNA Processing

✅

✅

Genetic Code

✅

✅

Salient Features of Genetic Code

✅

✅

Introduction to Translation

✅

✅

Process of Translation

✅

✅

Regulation of Gene Expression & Its Types

✅

✅

Lac Operon

✅

✅

Human Genome Project & Its Goals

✅

✅

Methodology of HGP

✅

✅

Salient Features of Human Genome

✅

✅

Evolution

Meaning of Evolution

✅

✅

Chemical Evolution & Miller Experiment

✅

✅

Biological Evolution

✅

✅

Evolution of Life Forms: A Theory

✅

✅

Evidence of Organic Evolution: Paleontological Evidence

✅

✅

Evidence of Organic Evolution: Homologous Organs & Analogous Organs

✅

✅

Embryological Evidence

✅

✅

Adaptive Radiation

✅

✅

Theories of Evolution: Lamarckism

✅

✅

Theories of Evolution: Darwinism or Natural Selection

✅

✅

Salient Features of Darwin Theory of Natural Selection

✅

✅

Theories of Evolution: Hugo De Vries Mutation Theory

✅

✅

Modern Concept of Evolution or Synthetic Theory of Evolution

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Gene Mutation & Gene Flow

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Genetic Drift, Founder Effect & Bottleneck Effect

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Natural Selection & Its Types

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Reproductive Isolation

✅

✅

Speciation & Its Types

✅

✅

A Brief Account of Evolution

✅

✅

Origin & Evolution of Man

✅

✅

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

✅

✅

Human Health and Diseases

Concept of Health & Diseases

✅

✅

Viral Diseases

✅

✅

Bacterial Diseases

✅

✅

Protozoan Disease

✅

✅

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

✅

✅

Diseases caused by Nematodes

✅

✅

Fungal Diseases

✅

✅

Immunity & Its Types

✅

✅

Innate Immunity

✅

✅

Characteristics of Acquired Immunity

✅

✅

Humoral Immunity or Antibody Mediated Immune System (AMIS)

✅

✅

Cell-Mediated Immune System

✅

✅

Types of Acquired Immunity

✅

✅

Immune Response & Lines of Defence

✅

✅

Antigens

✅

✅

Antibodies

✅

✅

Immune System in Humans

✅

✅

Vaccination & Immunisation

✅

✅

Disorders of the Immune System

✅

✅

AIDS

✅

✅

Cancer-I

✅

✅

Cancer-II

✅

✅

Commonly Abused Drugs

✅

✅

Addiction & Dependence

✅

✅

Effects of Drugs/Alcohol Abuse

✅

✅

Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in Household Products

✅

✅

Microbes in Industrial Products: Fermented Beverages

✅

✅

Microbes in Industrial Products: Antibiotics

✅

✅

Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules

✅

✅

Microbes in Sewage Treatment

✅

✅

Microbes in Production of Biogas

✅

✅

Microbes as Biocontrol Agents

✅

✅

Microbes as Biofertilizers

✅

✅

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Biotechnology & Its Principles

✅

✅

Tools of Biotechnology: Restriction Endonucleases

✅

✅

Functioning of Restriction Endonucleases

✅

✅

Gel Electrophoresis

✅

✅

Tools of Biotechnology: Cloning Vectors & Their Types

✅

✅

Features required to facilitate cloning into a vector

✅

✅

pBR322 Plasmid Vector & Mode of Selection of Transformants

✅

✅

Vectors for cloning genes in plants and animals

✅

✅

Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)

✅

✅

Direct or Vectorless Methods of Gene Transfer

✅

✅

Polymerase Chain Reaction

✅

✅

Processes of rDNA Technology

✅

✅

Isolation of DNA & Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations

✅

✅

Biotechnology and Its Applications

Cloning of DNA & Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism

✅

✅

Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product

✅

✅

Bioreactors

✅

✅

Downstream Processing

✅

✅

Purpose of Biotechnology

✅

✅

Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture

✅

✅

Insect Resistant Transgenic Plant - Bt Cotton

✅

✅

Pest Resistant Transgenic Plant Using RNAi

✅

✅

Biotechnological Application in Medicines - Genetically Engineered Insulin

✅

✅

Gene Therapy - ADA Deficiency Treatment

✅

✅

Molecular Diagnosis

✅

✅

Transgenic Animals

✅

✅

DNA Fingerprinting

✅

✅

Ethical Issues & Biopiracy

✅

✅

Organisms and Population

Ecology, Organism & Its Environment

✅

✅

Population & Its Attributes: Population Size or Density

✅

✅

Population Attributes - Age Pyramid

✅

✅

Population Attributes - Population Growth

✅

✅

Models of Population Growth: Exponential Growth

✅

✅

Models of Population Growth: Logistic Growth

✅

✅

Population Interaction

✅

✅

Predation

✅

✅

Competition

✅

✅

Parasitism

✅

✅

Commensalism

✅

✅

Mutualism

✅

✅

Ecosystem

Ecosystem

✅

✅

Components of Ecosystem: Biotic

✅

✅

Components of Ecosystem: Abiotic

✅

✅

Functions of Ecosystem: Productivity

✅

✅

Factors Affecting Primary Productivity

✅

✅

Functions of Ecosystem: Decomposition

✅

✅

Functions of Ecosystem: Energy Flow

✅

✅

Trophic Levels, Food Chain & Food Web

✅

✅

Types of Food Chain

✅

✅

10 Percent Law of Energy Flow

✅

✅

Pyramid of Numbers

✅

✅

Pyramid of Biomass & Pyramid of Energy

✅

✅

Ecological Succession

✅

✅

Succession of Plants

✅

✅

Nutrient Cycling

✅

✅

Carbon Cycle

✅

✅

Phosphorus Cycle

✅

✅

Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity & Its Types

✅

✅

Species Diversity - India & World

✅

✅

Patterns of Biodiversity - Latitudinal gradients

✅

✅

Patterns of Biodiversity - Species-Area relationships

✅

✅

The importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem

✅

✅

Loss of Biodiversity

✅

✅

Cause of biodiversity losses

✅

✅

Need to Conserve Biodiversity

✅

✅

In-situ Conservation of Biodiversity - Hotspots, National Parks and Sacred groves

✅

✅

In-situ Conservation of Biodiversity - Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves

✅

✅

Ex-situ Conservation of Biodiversity

✅

✅