How to Balance NCERT Board Exams & NEET Biology – Ultimate Study Plan for 2026

The Living World

What is Living

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Biodiversity and Need for Classification

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Taxonomy and Systematics

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Binomial Nomenclature

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Taxon and Taxonomic Hierarchy (Taxonomic categories)

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Biological Classification

Classification Systems

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Three domains of life

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Characteristics of the kingdom Monera

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Archaebacteria

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Eubacteria

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Cell Envelope

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Cytoplasm and Its Components

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Cyanobacteria

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Mycoplasma

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Characteristics of Kingdom Protista

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Photosynthetic Protista

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Decomposer Protista- Slime Moulds

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Protozoa

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Characteristics of Fungi

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Phycomycetes (Algal fungi)

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Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)

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Basidiomycetes (Club fungi)

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Deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)

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Lichen and Mycorrhiza

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Viruses, Viroids and Prions

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Plant Kingdom

Introduction to Kingdom Plantae

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Algae and their characteristics

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Chlorophyceae/ Green Algae

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Phaeophyceae

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Rhodophyceae

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Bryophyta

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Classification of Bryophytes

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Pteridophyta

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Classification of Pteridophytes

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Gymnosperms

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Reproduction in gymnosperms

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Characteristics of Angiosperms

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Animal Kingdom

Defining Features and Basis of Classification of Animal Kingdom

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Levels of Organization

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Body Symmetry and Germ Layers

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Coelom

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Segmentation and Notochord

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Phylum Porifera and Morphological Features of Porifera

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Body Wall of Porifera

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Physiology of Porifera

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Phylum Cnidaria / Coelenterata and Body Wall and Gastrovascular Cavity of Cnidaria

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Cnidocytes / Cnidoblast

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Physiology of Cnidaria

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Reproduction, Development and Metagenesis in Cnidaria

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Phylum Ctenophora, Locomotion and Bioluminescence in Ctenophora

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Reproduction and Development in Ctenophora

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Body Organization in Platyhelminthes

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Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes

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Parasitic Adaptations in Platyhelminthes

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Phylum Aschelminthes and Body Plan of Aschelminthes

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Physiology of Aschelminthes

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Reproduction and Development in Aschelminthes.

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Ascaris lumbricoides - Morphology and Life-Cycle

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Phylum Annelida and Body Plan of Annelida

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Physiology and Reproduction in Annelids

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Diagrammatic representation of basic anatomy of Annelida

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Phylum Arthropoda and Body Plan of Arthropoda

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Physiology of Arthropoda

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Circulatory system, Nervous System and Sense Organs in Arthropods

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Reproduction and Development in Arthropods

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Economically Important Arthropods

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Phylum Mollusca and Body Plan of Mollusca

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Physiology and Reproduction in Mollusca

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Phylum Echinodermata, Body Plan and Water Vascular System of Echinoderms

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Physiology and Reproduction in Echinodermata

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Phylum Hemichordata - Characteristics Features

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Phylum Chordata

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Difference between Non-chordates and Chordates

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Sub Phylum Urochordata - Characteristics Features

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Subphylum Cephalochordata - Characteristics Features

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Subphylum Vertebrata - Characteristics Features

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Class Cyclostomata - Characteristics Features

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Class Chondrichthyes - Characteristics Features

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Class Osteichthyes - Characteristics Features

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Class Amphibia - Characteristics Features

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Class Reptilia - Characteristics Features

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Class Aves - Characteristics Features

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Class Mammalia - Characteristics Features

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Classification of Class Mammalia

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Morphology of Flowering Plants

Introduction to the Morphology of Flowering Plants

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Introduction to the Morphology of Flowering Plants

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The Root System: Regions and Functions

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Modification of Root - Tap root modification for storage

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Modification of Root - Tap root modification for respiration

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Modification of Root - Adventitious root modification for storage

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Modification of Root - Adventitious root modification for support

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Modification of Root - Adventitious root modification for additional functions

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The Stem and Its Functions

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Buds

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The Leaf and Its Parts

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More about Lamina

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Venation

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Types of Leaves

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Types of Compound Leaves - Pinnately Compound Leaves

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Types of Compound Leaves - Palmately Compound Leaves

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The Root System and Its Types

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Phyllotaxy

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Modification of Leaves

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The Inflorescence

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The Types of Inflorescences

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Racemose Inflorescence and Its Types - Category A

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Racemose Inflorescence and Its Types - Category B and C

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Cymose Inflorescence and Its Types

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The Flower

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Floral Symmetry, Number of Floral Appendages and Position of Ovary in a Flower

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Parts of a Flower - Aestivation

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Parts of a Flower - Androecium

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Parts of a Flower - Gynoecium

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Placentation

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The Fruit

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The Seed

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Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Introduction to the Plant Anatomy

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Meristematic Tissues or Meristems

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Classification of Meristematic Tissues

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Permanent Tissues

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Simple Permanent Tissues: Parenchyma

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Simple Permanent Tissues: Collenchyma

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Simple Permanent Tissues: Sclerenchyma Fibres

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Simple Permanent Tissues: Sclerenchyma Sclereids

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Complex Permanent Tissues - Xylem

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Elements of Xylem - Tracheids and Vessels

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Elements of Xylem - Xylem Fibres and Xylem Parenchyma

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Phloem

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Components of Phloem - Sieve tubes and Companion Cells

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Components of Phloem - Phloem Fibres and Phloem Parenchyma

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Tissue System

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Epidermal Tissue System

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Epidermal Tissue System - Special Epidermal Structures

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Ground Tissue System

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Vascular Tissue System

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Comparison between vascular bundles of Monocots and Dicots

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Anatomy of Leaf

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Muscular tissues

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SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Dicot Stem Showing Primary Growth

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SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Monocot Stem Showing Primary Growth

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SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Dicot Root Showing Primary Growth

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SUMMARY - Internal Structure of Monocot Root Showing Primary Growth

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Secondary Growth

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Secondary Growth in Intrastelar Region of Dicot Stem

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Secondary Growth in Dicot Roots

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Structural Organisation in Animals

Connective Tissues

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Areolar Connective Tissues

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Adipose Connective Tissue

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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Structure of Nerve

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Morphology of Frog

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Digestive System of Frog

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Respiratory System in Frogs

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Reproduction and Development in Frog

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Circulatory System in Frogs

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Sense Organs in Frog

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Excretory System in Frog

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Control and Coordination in Frog

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Cell: The Unit of Life

Cell: Introduction, Discovery, Size and Cell Theory

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Introduction to Cell Structure and Function

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Cellularity and Types of Cell

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Structure of Prokaryotic Cell

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Origin and Structure of Eukaryotic Cell

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The Cell Wall

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The Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane/Plasmalemma

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The Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Ribosomes

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Ribosomes

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Semi-autonomous Organelles: Mitochondria (Sing. Mitochondrion)

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Plastids

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Semi-autonomous Organelles: Chloroplast

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Components of the Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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Components of the Endomembrane System: The Golgi Apparatus

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Components of the Endomembrane System: Lysosomes and Vacuoles

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Working of the Endomembrane System

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Microbodies

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The Cytoskeleton

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Flagella and Cilia

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Centrosome and Centrioles

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Comparison of Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant and Animal Cell)

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Endomembrane System

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Biomolecules

Definition of Biomolecules

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Analysis of Chemical Composition in Living Tissues

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Carbohydrates

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Monosaccharides

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Ring Structure of Monosaccharides

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Polysaccharides

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Lipids and Fatty Acids

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Types of Lipids - Simple Lipids

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Types of Lipids - Compound Lipids and Derived Lipids

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Amino Acids

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Peptide Bond, Peptide Chain and Proteins

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Structure of Proteins - Primary Structure

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Structure of Proteins - Secondary Structure

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Structure of Proteins - Tertiary & Quaternary Structure

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Nucleotides

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Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

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Enzymes and Their Classification

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How Enzymes Work - Active Sites and Models

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Enzyme Inhibition

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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell Cycle: Introduction

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Cell Cycle: Interphase

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Cell Cycle: Division Phase or M-Phase (Mitotic or Meiotic Phase)

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Mitosis

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Different Stages of Mitosis

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Significance and Types of Mitosis

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Introduction to Meiosis

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Stages of Meiosis Ⅰ - Prophase I

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Stages of Meiosis Ⅰ - Metaphase I and Anaphase I

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Stages of Meiosis Ⅰ - Telophase I, Cytokinesis I and Interkinesis

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Stages of Meiosis ⅠⅠ and Significance of Meiosis

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Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Introduction to Photosynthesis

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Basics of Photosynthesis

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Photosynthetic Pigments: Chlorophyll

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Types of Chlorophyll

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Photosynthetic Pigments: Carotenoids and Phycobilins

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Absorption spectrum

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Introduction to the Reactions of Photosynthesis

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Light-Harvesting Complex and Photosystems

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Light Reaction: Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

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Light Reaction: Cyclic Photophosphorylation

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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: Proton Gradient

✅

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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: Use of Proton Gradient

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Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis and RuBP

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Dark Reaction: Calvin Cycle

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Steps of Calvin Cycle

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The C4 Plants

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The C4 Pathway

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CAM Pathway

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Comparison of the Photosynthetic Pathways: C3, C4 and CAM

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Introduction to Photorespiration

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Process of Photorespiration

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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

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Respiration in Plants

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

✅

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Respiratory System in Plants

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Scheme of Cellular Respiration

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Glycolysis

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Glycolysis: Energy Requiring Step

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Glycolysis: Energy Releasing Step

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Net Outcome of Glycolysis

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Metabolic Fate of Pyruvate

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

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Alcohol Fermentation

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Link Reaction or Gateway Reaction

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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

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Steps of Krebs Cycle

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Balance Sheet and Significance of Kreb's Cycle

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Introduction to ETC

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Electron Transport Chain in Function

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Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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The Respiratory Balance Sheet

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Amphibolic Pathway

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✅

Respiratory Quotient

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Plant Growth and Development

Introduction to Growth and Development in Plants

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Characteristics of Growth and Phases of Plant Growth

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Growth Rate, Arithmetic Growth and Geometric Growth

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Absolute Growth Rate and Relative Growth Rate

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Conditions for Growth: External Factors

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Conditions for Growth: Internal Factors

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Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation

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Development

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Plant Growth Regulators or Phytohormones

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Auxins and Their Discovery

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Synthesis of Auxin

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Functions of Auxins

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Gibberellins and Their Discovery

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Functions of Gibberellins

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Cytokinins and their Discovery

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Functions of Cytokinins

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Ethylene and Its Discovery

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✅

Functions of Ethylene

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Abscisic Acid and Its Discovery

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✅

Functions of Abscisic Acid

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Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Breathing and Cellular Respiration

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Respiratory Organs in Different Organisms

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Respiratory System in Humans

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Overview of the Process of Respiration

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Mechanism of Breathing: Inspiration

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Mechanism of Breathing: Expiration

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Respiratory Volumes

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Pulmonary Capacities

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Exchange of Gases

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Oxygen Transport and Oxygen Dissociation Curve

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Effect of DPG and Temperature on Oxygen Dissociation Curve

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Transport of Carbon Dioxide

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Release of Oxygen from Oxyhaemoglobin at the Tissue Level

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Release of Carbon dioxide in the Lungs

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Regulation of Respiration

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Disorders of the Respiratory System

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Body Fluids and Circulation

Body fluids

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Blood

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✅

Blood groups: ABO Blood Groups

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Rh Blood group

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Blood Coagulation

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Circulatory System & Its Types

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Circulation Circuit - I

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Circulation Circuit - II

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Circulation Circuit - III

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Introduction to Human Heart

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Internal Structure of Human Heart: Atria

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Internal Structure of Human Heart: Ventricles

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Heart Valves

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Blood Vessels

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Functioning of Human Heart

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Conducting System of Heart

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Cardiac cycle

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Heart Sounds

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Heart rate and Cardiac Output

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Heartbeat & Its Regulation

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ECG

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Double Circulation In Humans

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Coronary Circulation

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Blood Pressure & Regulation of Cardiac Activity

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Blood vessels and their system

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Differences between arteries and veins

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Human lymphatic system

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Abnormal conditions related to circulatory system

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Excretory Products and their Elimination

Utility of the Excretory System

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Types of Animals Based on Excretory Wastes

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Other Excretory Products

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Excretory Structures in Animals

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Human Excretory System: Kidneys and Their Exterior Aspects

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Human Excretory System: Anatomy of Kidneys

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Ureters

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Urinary Bladder

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Urethra

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Nephrons : Renal Corpuscle and Filtration Membrane, Arterioles and Vasa Recta

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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct

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Types of Nephrons

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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

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Net Filtration Pressure

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Glomerular Filtration Rate and Filtration Fraction

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Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration or Ultrafiltration

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Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption in PCT

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Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption in Loop of Henle

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Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption in DCT and Collecting Duct

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Urine Formation: Tubular Secretion

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Revision Concept: Functions of Renal Tubules

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Mechanism of Concentration of Urine

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Regulation of Kidney Function

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Properties of Urine

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Functions of Kidney

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Disorders of the Excretory System

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Artificial Kidney

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Locomotion and Movement

Movement V/s Locomotion

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Types of Movement

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Muscles and Their Types

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Structure of Skeletal Muscle

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Sarcomere

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Structure of Contractile Proteins

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Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

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Human Skeletal System

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The Skull: Cranial Bones

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The Skull: Facial Bones, Ear ossicles and Hyoid bone

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Vertebral Column (Backbone)

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Sternum or Breastbone:

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Ribs and Rib Cage

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Pectoral Girdles

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The Upper Limb

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The Pelvic Girdle

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The Lower Limb

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Joints

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Types of Synovial Joints

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Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

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Neural Control and Coordination

Human Neural System

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A Revision of Neuron

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Terminology

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Introduction to Nerve Impulse

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Generation & Conduction of Nerve Impulse

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Synapse

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Transmission of Impulse: At Chemical Synapse

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Transmission of Impulse: At Electrical Synapse

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Human Brain: Location & Coverings

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Forebrain: Cerebrum

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Lobes of Cerebrum

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Midbrain or Mesencephalon

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Hindbrain or Rhombencephalon

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Reflex Action & Reflex Arc

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Receptors

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Chemical Control and Coordination

Need for Endocrine System

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Hormones: Discovery & Properties

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✅

The Hypothalamus

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The Pituitary Gland and Its Anterior Lobe

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The Posterior Lobe or Neurohypophysis

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✅

Disorders of Pituitary Gland

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Pineal Gland (Epiphysis)

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Forebrain: Olfactory Lobes & Diencephalon

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✅

Thymus Gland

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✅

Thyroid Gland

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✅

Thyroid Disorders

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Parathyroid Gland & Its Disorders

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Adrenal Glands or Suprarenal Glands: Adrenal Cortex

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Adrenal Glands or Suprarenal Glands: Adrenal Medulla

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Disorders of Adrenal Cortex

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Pancreas

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✅

Disorders of Pancreas

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✅

Kidneys

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Gonads: Ovaries

✅

✅

Gonads: Testes

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✅

Hormones of Placenta, Heart and GI Tract

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✅

Mechanism of Hormone Action

✅

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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Introduction to Reproduction and Lifespan

✅

✅

Sexual Reproduction & Its Characteristics

✅

✅

Syngamy

✅

✅

Phases in Life Cycle

✅

✅

Pre-Fertilization Events: Gametogenesis

✅

✅

Pre-Fertilization Events: Gamete Transfer

✅

✅

Fertilization

✅

✅

Post-Fertilisation Events

✅

✅

Revision of Flower- The Reproductive structure of the Angiosperms

✅

✅

Stamen

✅

✅

Structure of Anther

✅

✅

Microsporogenesis & Dehiscence of Anther

✅

✅

Structure of Pollen Grain

✅

✅

Development of Male Gametophyte

✅

✅

The Pistil & Megasporangium

✅

✅

Megasporogenesis, Megagametogenesis & Structure of Embryo Sac

✅

✅

Pollination and Its Types

✅

✅

Agents of Pollination: Abiotic Agents

✅

✅

Insect Pollination

✅

✅

Ornithophily & Chiropterophily

✅

✅

Outbreeding Devices

✅

✅

Self Incompatibility

✅

✅

Fertilization & Mode of Entry of Pollen Tube in Ovule

✅

✅

Double Fertilization

✅

✅

Artificial Hybridization: Emasculation & Bagging

✅

✅

Post-Fertilization Events

✅

✅

Endosperm Development

✅

✅

Embryogeny in Dicots

✅

✅

Structure of Dicot Embryo

✅

✅

Embryogeny and Structure of Embryo in Monocots

✅

✅

Seed and Fruit

✅

✅

Parthenocarpy

✅

✅

Apomixis & Polyembryony

✅

✅

Human Reproduction

Primary and Secondary Sex Organs

✅

✅

The Male Reproductive System: Scrotum & Testes

✅

✅

Male Sex Accessory Ducts

✅

✅

Male Urethra & External Genitalia

✅

✅

Accessory Sex Glands of Males

✅

✅

Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System

✅

✅

Spermatogenesis

✅

✅

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis

✅

✅

Structure of Sperm

✅

✅

Female Reproductive System: Ovaries

✅

✅

Fallopian Tube or Oviduct

✅

✅

Uterus & Vagina

✅

✅

External Genitalia of Females or Vulva

✅

✅

Mammary Gland or Breast

✅

✅

Oogenesis

✅

✅

Structure of Ovum

✅

✅

Menstrual Cycle

✅

✅

Fertilization

✅

✅

Events of Fertilization

✅

✅

Embryonic Development: Cleavage & Formation of Blastocyst

✅

✅

Implantation

✅

✅

Gastrulation

✅

✅

Extraembryonic Layers

✅

✅

Placentation

✅

✅

Types of Mammalian Placenta

✅

✅

Parturition

✅

✅

Lactation

✅

✅

Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health: Problems & Strategies

✅

✅

Amniocentesis

✅

✅

Population Stabilization & Birth Control

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Natural Methods

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Barrier Methods

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Chemical Methods & IUDs

✅

✅

Temporary Methods of Birth Control - Oral Contraceptive Pills

✅

✅

Termination or Permanent Methods of Birth Control

✅

✅

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

✅

✅

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

✅

✅

STDs Caused by Bacteria

✅

✅

STDs caused by Viruses

✅

✅

STDs caused by Chlamydia, Fungus & Protozoa

✅

✅

Infertility

✅

✅

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): IVF

✅

✅

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) & Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

✅

✅

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) & Intrauterine Insemination

✅

✅

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Introduction to Genetics

✅

✅

Terminology of Genetics

✅

✅

Monohybrid Cross of Mendel

✅

✅

Interpretation of Monohybrid Cross: Law of Dominance

✅

✅

Interpretation of Monohybrid Cross: Law of Segregation

✅

✅

Test Cross

✅

✅

Dihybrid Cross

✅

✅

Law of Independent Assortment

✅

✅

Mathematical Calculation of Mendelian Analysis

✅

✅

Incomplete Dominance

✅

✅

Codominance

✅

✅

Multiple Alleles

✅

✅

Pleiotropy

✅

✅

Polygenic Inheritance

✅

✅

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance & T.H. Morgan

✅

✅

Linkage: Discovery & Meaning

✅

✅

Linkage Groups & Types of Linkage

✅

✅

Experiments of T.H Morgan

✅

✅

Gregor Johann Mendel- Father of Genetics

✅

✅

Sex Determination

✅

✅

Sex Determination: XX Female & XY Male Type

✅

✅

Sex Determination: XX Female & XO Male Type

✅

✅

Sex Determination: ZW Female & ZZ Males Type

✅

✅

Sex Determination: Z0 Female & ZZ Males Type

✅

✅

Haploid-diploid mechanism of sex determination

✅

✅

Mutations & Their Features

✅

✅

Mutagenesis & Mutagens

✅

✅

Types of Mutations

✅

✅

Chromosomal Mutations: Structural

✅

✅

Chromosomal Number Mutations

✅

✅

Pedigree Analysis

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of autosomal recessive disorder

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of autosomal dominant disorder:

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of X-linked recessive disorder:

✅

✅

Determining the inheritance pattern of X-linked dominant disorder

✅

✅

Human Genetic Disorders

✅

✅

Haemophilia

✅

✅

Colour Blindness

✅

✅

Sickle-cell Anaemia

✅

✅

Phenylketonuria

✅

✅

Chromosomal Disorders

✅

✅

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Introduction

✅

✅

Structure of DNA

✅

✅

Salient Features of Double-Helix Structure of DNA

✅

✅

Types of DNA

✅

✅

Packaging of DNA Helix in Eukaryotes

✅

✅

Chargaff Rule

✅

✅

The Search For Genetic Material: Transforming Principle

✅

✅

Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle

✅

✅

Hershey & Chase Experiment

✅

✅

Properties of Genetic Material

✅

✅

RNA World

✅

✅

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

✅

✅

Introduction to Replication of DNA

✅

✅

Meselson and Stahl Experiment

✅

✅

Enzymes Involved In DNA Replication

✅

✅

DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

✅

✅

DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

✅

✅

Introduction to Transcription & Transcription Unit

✅

✅

Types of RNA

✅

✅

RNA Polymerase in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

✅

✅

Process of Transcription in Prokaryotes

✅

✅

Transcription in Eukaryotes & RNA Processing

✅

✅

Genetic Code

✅

✅

Salient Features of Genetic Code

✅

✅

Introduction to Translation

✅

✅

Process of Translation

✅

✅

Regulation of Gene Expression & Its Types

✅

✅

Lac Operon

✅

✅

Human Genome Project & Its Goals

✅

✅

Methodology of HGP

✅

✅

Salient Features of Human Genome

✅

✅

Evolution

Meaning of Evolution

✅

✅

Chemical Evolution & Miller Experiment

✅

✅

Biological Evolution

✅

✅

Evolution of Life Forms: A Theory

✅

✅

Evidence of Organic Evolution: Paleontological Evidence

✅

✅

Evidence of Organic Evolution: Homologous Organs & Analogous Organs

✅

✅

Embryological Evidence

✅

✅

Adaptive Radiation

✅

✅

Theories of Evolution: Lamarckism

✅

✅

Theories of Evolution: Darwinism or Natural Selection

✅

✅

Salient Features of Darwin Theory of Natural Selection

✅

✅

Theories of Evolution: Hugo De Vries Mutation Theory

✅

✅

Modern Concept of Evolution or Synthetic Theory of Evolution

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Gene Mutation & Gene Flow

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Genetic Drift, Founder Effect & Bottleneck Effect

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Natural Selection & Its Types

✅

✅

Mechanism of Evolution: Reproductive Isolation

✅

✅

Speciation & Its Types

✅

✅

A Brief Account of Evolution

✅

✅

Origin & Evolution of Man

✅

✅

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

✅

✅

Human Health and Diseases

Concept of Health & Diseases

✅

✅

Viral Diseases

✅

✅

Bacterial Diseases

✅

✅

Protozoan Disease

✅

✅

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

✅

✅

Diseases caused by Nematodes

✅

✅

Fungal Diseases

✅

✅

Immunity & Its Types

✅

✅

Innate Immunity

✅

✅

Characteristics of Acquired Immunity

✅

✅

Humoral Immunity or Antibody Mediated Immune System (AMIS)

✅

✅

Cell-Mediated Immune System

✅

✅

Types of Acquired Immunity

✅

✅

Immune Response & Lines of Defence

✅

✅

Antigens

✅

✅

Antibodies

✅

✅

Immune System in Humans

✅

✅

Vaccination & Immunisation

✅

✅

Disorders of the Immune System

✅

✅

AIDS

✅

✅

Cancer-I

✅

✅

Cancer-II

✅

✅

Commonly Abused Drugs

✅

✅

Addiction & Dependence

✅

✅

Effects of Drugs/Alcohol Abuse

✅

✅

Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in Household Products

✅

✅

Microbes in Industrial Products: Fermented Beverages

✅

✅

Microbes in Industrial Products: Antibiotics

✅

✅

Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules

✅

✅

Microbes in Sewage Treatment

✅

✅

Microbes in Production of Biogas

✅

✅

Microbes as Biocontrol Agents

✅

✅

Microbes as Biofertilizers

✅

✅

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Biotechnology & Its Principles

✅

✅

Tools of Biotechnology: Restriction Endonucleases

✅

✅

Functioning of Restriction Endonucleases

✅

✅

Gel Electrophoresis

✅

✅

Tools of Biotechnology: Cloning Vectors & Their Types

✅

✅

Features required to facilitate cloning into a vector

✅

✅

pBR322 Plasmid Vector & Mode of Selection of Transformants

✅

✅

Vectors for cloning genes in plants and animals

✅

✅

Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)

✅

✅

Direct or Vectorless Methods of Gene Transfer

✅

✅

Polymerase Chain Reaction

✅

✅

Processes of rDNA Technology

✅

✅

Isolation of DNA & Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations

✅

✅

Biotechnology and Its Applications

Cloning of DNA & Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism

✅

✅

Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product

✅

✅

Bioreactors

✅

✅

Downstream Processing

✅

✅

Purpose of Biotechnology

✅

✅

Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture

✅

✅

Insect Resistant Transgenic Plant - Bt Cotton

✅

✅

Pest Resistant Transgenic Plant Using RNAi

✅

✅

Biotechnological Application in Medicines - Genetically Engineered Insulin

✅

✅

Gene Therapy - ADA Deficiency Treatment

✅

✅

Molecular Diagnosis

✅

✅

Transgenic Animals

✅

✅

DNA Fingerprinting

✅

✅

Ethical Issues & Biopiracy

✅

✅

Organisms and Population

Ecology, Organism & Its Environment

✅

✅

Population & Its Attributes: Population Size or Density

✅

✅

Population Attributes - Age Pyramid

✅

✅

Population Attributes - Population Growth

✅

✅

Models of Population Growth: Exponential Growth

✅

✅

Models of Population Growth: Logistic Growth

✅

✅

Population Interaction

✅

✅

Predation

✅

✅

Competition

✅

✅

Parasitism

✅

✅

Commensalism

✅

✅

Mutualism

✅

✅

Ecosystem

Ecosystem

✅

✅

Components of Ecosystem: Biotic

✅

✅

Components of Ecosystem: Abiotic

✅

✅

Functions of Ecosystem: Productivity

✅

✅

Factors Affecting Primary Productivity

✅

✅

Functions of Ecosystem: Decomposition

✅

✅

Functions of Ecosystem: Energy Flow

✅

✅

Trophic Levels, Food Chain & Food Web

✅

✅

Types of Food Chain

✅

✅

10 Percent Law of Energy Flow

✅

✅

Pyramid of Numbers

✅

✅

Pyramid of Biomass & Pyramid of Energy

✅

✅

Ecological Succession

✅

✅

Succession of Plants

✅

✅

Nutrient Cycling

✅

✅

Carbon Cycle

✅

✅

Phosphorus Cycle

✅

✅

Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity & Its Types

✅

✅

Species Diversity - India & World

✅

✅

Patterns of Biodiversity - Latitudinal gradients

✅

✅

Patterns of Biodiversity - Species-Area relationships

✅

✅

The importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem

✅

✅

Loss of Biodiversity

✅

✅

Cause of biodiversity losses

✅

✅

Need to Conserve Biodiversity

✅

✅

In-situ Conservation of Biodiversity - Hotspots, National Parks and Sacred groves

✅

✅

In-situ Conservation of Biodiversity - Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves

✅

✅

Ex-situ Conservation of Biodiversity

✅

✅