NEET Exam 2025 - Dates (Soon), Syllabus (Released), Application Form, Pattern & Preparation

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element. and compound: Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition
• Empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of the hydrogen atom
• Bohr model of a hydrogen atom-its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features
• Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, arrd magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
• Shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan's rule, dipole moment: Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory: Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configuration of homonuclear diatomic molecules
• Molecular orbital theory: The concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding
• Hydrogen bonding and is applications

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties state functions, types of processes
• The first law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion formation, atomization, sublimation
• The first law of thermodynamics: Phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution
• The second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; ∆S of the universe and ∆G of the system as criteria for spontaneity. ∆G◦ (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution-molarity, molarity, more fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law-Ideal and non-ideal solutions
• Vapour pressure-composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression or mass freezing point the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass; using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibria, law, Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibrium involving physical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of ∆S and ∆G◦ in chemical equilibrium
• Equilibrium involving physical processes: Factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, Acid-base equilibria (Including multi stage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water
• Ionic equilibrium: pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation reactions, oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance and their in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells-electrolytic and galvanic cells, different potentials including types of electrodes, electrode potential including standard electrode potential, half cell and cell reaction
• EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and gibbs energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; fuel cells

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory. activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table. s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Group-13 to group 18 elements: General introduction-electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Transition Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states
• Transition Elements: Atomic radii. colour. catalytic behaviour. magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4
• inner transition elements: Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids-electronic configuration and oxidation states

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Introduction to coordination compounds
• Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. Chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; bonding-valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties
• Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of meals and in biological systems

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Purification: Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography-principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only): Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus
• Calculations of empirical formula and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p)-classification of organic compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur
• Tetravalency of carbon: homologous series-Isomerism: Structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC): Covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocations. and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation
• Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
• Alkanes: Conformations Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane) mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism-mechanism of electrophilic addition: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect) ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes: Acidic character-addition of hydrogen, water, and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution; halogenation, nitration
• Friedel-crafts alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 16

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 17

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Alcohols, phenols & ethers: (i) Alcohols-identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration. (ii) Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation
• Alcohols, phenols & ethers: (ii) Phenols-Reimer-Tiemann reaction. (iii) Ethers: Structure
• Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; nucleophilic addition to >c=o group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; important reactions such as-nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent
• Aldehyde and ketones: Oxidation reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of α-hydrogen. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. Haloform reaction
• Aldehyde and ketones: Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Chemistry: Unit 18

• General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 19

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates: Classification; aldoses and ketoses: Monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
• Proteins: Elementary idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins: Classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
• Biological functions of nucleic acids
• Hormones (general introduction)

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Detection of extra elements (nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; detection of the following functional group; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds
• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: (i) Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum. (ii) Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises: Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr's salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: (i) Cations-Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺. (b) Anions-CO²₃¯, S²¯, SO²₄¯, NO³¯, NO²¯, Cl¯, Br¯, I¯ (insoluble salts excluded)
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (i) Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4. (ii) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base. (iii) Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (iv) Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature

Zoology: Unit 01

• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)

Zoology: Unit 02

• Animal tissues; morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (frog). Brief account onlY

Zoology: Unit 03

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles-structure and function; endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum
• Endomembrane system-golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus
• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates. lipids, nucleic acid; enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of enzymes
• B cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Zoology: Unit 04

• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (reca onry); respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration respiratory volumes
• Breathing and Respiration: Disorders related to respiration-asthma emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of brood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation
• Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system-hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system-structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function-renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor
• Excretory products and their elimination: Regulation of kidney function-ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders; uraemia, renal failure, renal carcuri, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney
• Locomotion and movement: Types of movement-ciliary, flagelar, muscular; skeletal muscle-contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of practical syllabus); Joints
• Locomotion and movement: Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; nervous system in humans, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea)
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease)

Zoology: Unit 05

• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Zoology: Unit 06

• Heredity and variation: Chromosomes and genes; sex determination in humans, birds, honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans
• Heredity and variation: Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting, protein biosynthesis
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution
• Evolution: Mechanism of evolution variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution

Zoology: Unit 07

• Health and Disease; pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm, dengue, chikungunya)
• Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
• Tobacco abuse
• Microbes in human welfare: In household processing, industrial production, sewage treatment

Zoology: Unit 08

• Principles and process of biotechnology: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues-biopiracy and patents

Botany: Unit 01

• What is living?; biodiversity; need for classification; taxonomy & systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature
• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of monera; protista and fungi into major groups; lichens; viruses and viroids
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category)

Botany: Unit 02

• Morphology and modifications; tissues; anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence-cymose and racemose
• Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Flower fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant practical of the practical syllabus) family (malvaceae, cruciferae, leguminosae, compositae, gramineae)

Botany: Unit 03

• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations-number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; growth regulator-auxin
• Plant growth and development: Growth regulator-gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA

Botany: Unit 04

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed and fruit formation

Botany: Unit 05

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from mendelism Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-lac operon

Botany: Unit 06

• Microbes in human welfare: Energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

Botany: Unit 07

• Organisms and environment: Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystem: Pattems, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction; red data book, biosphere reserves
• Biodiversity and its conservation: National parks and sanctuaries, sacred groves